1. What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

a) Misinformation is always true and disinformation is always false.

b) Misinformation is false information shared by mistake, while disinformation is false information spread intentionally to deceive or cause harm.

c) Misinformation is intentional, while disinformation is accidental.

d) There is no difference between them.

B - Mis = Mistake, Dis = Deliberate

3. What is the purpose of DNS?

a) To translate domain names into IP addresses.

b) To mark up the structure of a webpage.

c) To transport packets of data between devices.

d) To encrypt private messages.

A - DNS - DND on your phone like a phone book

1. Explain the difference between trolls, haters, and rage-bait.

Trolls: People who post things just to annoy or provoke others.

Haters: People who genuinely dislike someone and criticize them.

Rage-bait: Content made to make people angry and get reactions.

2. What is doxing, and how can it harm a victim?

Doxing is when someone shares another person’s private information online without permission. It can put them at risk of harassment, stalking, or even physical danger.

Home page hackmd.io

## Oct 21 - Exam review

### Multiple choice

**Question 1:** Which Tor relay sends traffic to the final destination?

1. Entry or guard relay

2. Middle relay

3. Exit relay

4. All three relays

**Question 2:** What does DNS do?

1. Store website files

2. Acts like a phone book for the internet

3. Blocks ads

4. Protect your server connection

### Short answer

**Short Question 1:** Why are there three relays in Tor?

**Short Question 2:** What happens when you visit a website?

---

### Answers

**Question 1:** (3) Exit relay

The exit relay is the final relay before all your data gets sent to the website.

**Question 2:** (2) Acts like a phone book for the internet

DNS turns a website’s name into an IP address so the browser knows which server to contact.

**Short Question 1:**

The first relay knows who you are but not your final destination. The final relay knows where you are going but not who you are. The middle relay keeps the other two relays apart. So no one relay knows both, and you remain anonymous.

**Short Question 2:**

A DNS request is made to find an address for a website. The browser requests the server for the page. The page is split into packets and then sent back from the server. Finally, the browser receives the packets and all the information and reassembles the page.

QIC Log: <https://hackmd.io/vaEuPma6QwKhrSjaY-7C0Q?both#Midterm-Questions-102126>

Markdown:

## Midterm Questions (10/21/26)

### Multiple choice:

#### 1. What is misinformation?

a. Information that is true or based in some truth, created and shared with the intention of causing harm

b. False information shared without spreader(s) knowing the information is false (**correct**)

c.False information shared intentionally with the intent of causing harm

d. Correct information shared through false headlines/pretenses (e.g., clickbait)

#### 2. Which of these is **NOT** one of the common signs in a person likely to catfish/scam online?

a. Manipulative

b. Sadistic

c. Creative (**correct**)

d. Entitled

### Short essay:

#### 1. What makes multi-tasking different from continuous partial attention?

The act of multitasking is to divide focus onto two tasks at the same time. This is near impossible to do. When most people believe they are “multitasking,” they are often engaging in continuous partial attention – quickly moving their attention from one task to another/going back and forth between tasks.

#### 2. When using an AI language model, what is the AI’s “context window”?

The context window is the amount of tokens (small units of text/code fed to the machine) the AI model holds onto while processing and giving responses. Starting a new chat on Claude or ChatGPT completely resets the model’s context window.

Dear Professor Reagle,

I am submitting my Midterm Exam Review assignment for October 21, including two multiple-choice questions and two short-answer questions with their answers and explanations.

HackMD QIC Log:

https://hackmd.io/@andrescruz/rkdfI1AKfl 

October 21, 2026 – Midterm Exam Review

Multiple-Choice Question 1

What is the function of DNS?

A. Protecting personal information using encryption

B. Conversion of domain names into IP addresses

C. Ensuring the correct sequence of data

D. Making sure that websites do not gather user data

Answer: B

Explanation: DNS enables browsers to discover the website by converting the name of the domain into its IP address for computers to reach the correct server.

Multiple-Choice Question 2

Which of the following is an example of disinformation?

A. Posting the wrong article online unintentionally

B. Telling your friend a true story

C. Spreading false information to deceive people

D. Gathering information from multiple sources

Answer: C

Explanation: Disinformation is the distribution of false information with the goal to mislead people. Misinformation is the distribution of false information with no intention to mislead people.

Short-Answer Question 1

What are three security protections provided by HTTPS? What do they do?

Answer:

Confidentiality: It prevents unauthorized people from accessing information.

Integrity: It protects information from any changes that could be made to it during the process of transmission.

Authentication: It allows verifying the communication with the right website.

Explanation: These three protections provide additional security when people communicate with the website.

Short-Answer Question 2

How are strong ties and weak ties different in social networks, and why are both of them useful?

Answer:

Strong ties are close relationships like relationships with the family and close friends which give support and trust.

Weak ties are people that we know but not close enough to interact regularly.

Weak ties can open the way for new contacts and opportunities beyond our social circle.

Explanation: Both types of ties are necessary because strong ties bring close relationships and support, and weak ties give us an opportunity to contact with other people and their information.

Best,

Andres Cruz

Oct 21 Wed - Exam review

Multiple Choice 1

According to the lecture on online alienation, which statement best distinguishes depersonalization from deindividuation?

A. Deindividuation is losing one’s sense of self in a crowd, while depersonalization is shifting toward the norms of a salient group.

B. Deindividuation is rationalizing harm after the fact, while depersonalization is losing inhibitions through anonymity.

C. Deindividuation only happens in anonymous online spaces, while depersonalization only happens in face-to-face groups.

D. Deindividuation comes from personality traits like sadism, while depersonalization comes from the richness of a medium.

Multiple Choice 2

A startup builds an app where users can join many overlapping interest groups. According to the lecture on network value, which law best explains why its value could grow faster than a telephone network’s?

A. Sarnoff’s law, because value grows with the number of viewers.

B. Metcalfe’s law, because value grows with the number of possible pairs of users.

C. Reed’s law, because value grows with the number of possible groups users can form.

D. Pareto’s principle, because a few super nodes hold most of the connections.

Short Answer

A relative shares a real photo of a 2015 protest and claims it shows a protest from last week. Using Wardle’s framework, name the type of misinformation, say whether it is dis-, mis-, or mal-information and explain why.

Essay

A friend plans to use a chatbot to summarize their readings instead of rereading. According to Make It Stick, is this a good study strategy? Give one reason it could help and one reason it could backfire, then suggest a better approach.

Answers and Explanations

MC 1: Answer A.

Deindividuation is losing individuality and inhibitions in a crowd (trick-or-treaters, hooded participants).

Depersonalization is reorienting to the more salient group norms (KKK vs. nurses, Zimbardo’s prison).

B mixes up moral disengagement with disinhibition. C wrongly limits each term to a setting. D mixes in the “bad apple” and media-effect ideas.

Mnemonic: De-INDIVIDUAL-ization loses the individual. De-PERSONAL-ization trades your personal norms for the group’s persona.

MC 2: Answer C.

Reed’s law (2^N) counts possible groups, which fits social media. Metcalfe (N²) counts pairs and fits telecom. Sarnoff (N) counts viewers and fits broadcast.

The key phrase is “overlapping groups,” which signals Reed. A and B are the other two laws. D is related but is about distribution, not network value.

Short Answer

False context: genuine content shared with false contextual information.

Mis-information since the relative didn’t know it was false (false but not known to be). It would be dis-information if the original poster knew and meant to deceive.

Essay

Could help: having the chatbot quiz you is retrieval practice, which Brown et al. recommends over rereading.

Could backfire: a summary skips the mental effort that builds memory. Deslauriers found that effortful learning works better but feels harder, so an easy summary can feel productive without being so.

Better approach: read first, then close the notes and write what you remember. Use the chatbot to quiz you over several days (spaced practice), and check its answers against the readings.

https://hackmd.io/@belladuque/S1UIcvytzl

Homepage: < https://hackmd.io/CJ3xwfYvQIyN7dXyhoUKLw>

QIC Log: <https://hackmd.io/GgAgGgZaTICWW0lumXyT2g >

Markdown:

Oct 21 Wed- Exam Review

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following dark triad traits encompasses manipulating for personal gain? (narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, machiavellianism)
2. Which of the following is not of the dark triad? (psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, selfishness)

Short Essay

1. How is the spread of misinformation emphasized via filter bubble and echo chambers?
2. How does anonymity influence negative digital behaviors?

1. What does DNS stand for?

A. Digital Network System
B. Domain Name System
C. Data Network Service
D. Digital Name Server

2. What is misinformation?

A. Information that is always true
B. False information shared on purpose
C. False information shared by someone who doesn’t know it’s false
D. None of the above 

3. What is the difference between cramming and spaced practice?

• Cramming is studying everything at once; spaced practice is studying over several days

4. What is the difference between a troll and an online hater?

• A troll wants people to react to them for fun. An online hater tries to hurt or insult people

10/21

Can the same post change categories?

A campaign account deliberately mislabels a genuine, years-old flood photograph as yesterday’s flooding to damage the mayor’s reputation. A student believes the caption and shares the unchanged post to help neighbors. A third person publishes the mayor’s genuine private medical records solely to humiliate them.

According to Claire Wardle’s framework, how should these three acts of communication be classified, in the order presented?

A. Malinformation; misinformation; malinformation.

B. Disinformation; misinformation; malinformation.

C. Disinformation; disinformation; malinformation.

D. Disinformation; misinformation; disinformation.

What exactly is being protected?

A customer accesses an ordinary public shopping website through Tor using correctly configured HTTPS. During checkout, the customer submits their real name and the transaction ID of their Bitcoin payment. Assume the technologies function as intended and neither the customer’s device nor the website is compromised.

Applying the readings by Jordan Wright, Hartley Brody, and Nik Custodio, which conclusion is most accurate?

A. The exit relay can read the checkout form after removing Tor’s final encryption layer; the merchant can associate the name with the payment, whose validity Bitcoin verifies.

B. The exit relay cannot read the checkout form; Tor also prevents the merchant from associating the submitted name with the payment because it conceals the customer’s IP address.

C. The exit relay cannot read the checkout form; the merchant can associate the name with the payment, but Bitcoin’s verification of the transfer does not establish the merchant’s honesty.

D. The exit relay cannot read the checkout form; the merchant can associate the name with the payment, and Bitcoin’s decentralized verification removes the need to trust the merchant.

Why do people seem more comfortable being hateful or disrespectful online than in person? Using Reagle and Williams, explain how anonymity and social media platforms like X might encourage this behavior. Do you think removing anonymity would solve the problem, partially or fully? Why or why not?

In Make It Stick, the authors explain that rereading something doesn’t always mean you’re learning it. Why might students think they understand something when they actually don’t? How could this problem also relate to danah boyd’s argument that media literacy can sometimes make people more confident in false information?

Answer key:

1- B. A genuine photo can still convey disinformation with a misleading caption. 

2- C: HTTPS remains after the final encryption layer is removed by the exit relay. 

3- Social media still encourages toxic behavior, so I don’t believe removing anonymity would fully solve the problem. I do believe it would be greatly decreased, becuase of the enviornment on existing platforms like LinkedIn. 

4- Rereading until you question information can create false confidence with no real understanding. 

https://hackmd.io/@curlyoninsulin/Sy-P_GJqze

Hi Professor
Hope you are well,

 

QIC Log: https://hackmd.io/@tahliajatwani/B1q7lHVFfl

 

Markdown:

## Oct 21 Wed -

1. What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

 

a. Misinformation is false information without actually knowing it is false and disinformation is false information used to deceive or influence.

b. Misinformation is false information used to cause harm and disinformation is false information used to deceive or influence

c. Misinformation is false information used to deceive or influence and disinformation is false information without knowing it is false

d. None of the above are true

 

2. How can we differentiate between transformers and diffusion models when it comes to Artificial Intelligence?

 

a. Transformers create content, specifically images while diffusion models generate text

b. Transformers predict what comes next, while diffusion models start with noise and generate clear content, specifically images

c. Transformers start with random noise and gradually turn it into noise, while diffusion models predict the next word or piece of information

d. All of the above are true

 

3. What is continuous partial attention and how does it affect us on a daily basis?

 

4. What are one of the strengths of weak ties?

 

Answer Key:

1. A

2. B

3. Continuous partial attention is when we are unable to actually ‘multitask’ but rather switch between tasks when working. An example of this is when we think we are studying with our favorite show on in the background. Rather than watching the show and studying simultaneously, we are actually switching our attention between studying, writing notes and watching the show.

4. The main strength of weak ties is our ability to form new connections with new circles that we may never have encountered before. An example of this is meeting someone in a whole new friend group and them introducing you to your potential future job. They may know someone that you before would have never crossed paths with, therefore introducing you to a tie that is beneficial.

 

–

Best regards,
Tahlia Jatwani
Northeastern University
Communication Studies, Minor in Public Relations | Class of 2027
jatwani.ta@northeastern.edu
www.linkedin.com/in/tahliajatwani

Homepage: https://hackmd.io/@sophiekabeli/H1jGEqVKMx

QIC: https://hackmd.io/@sophiekabeli/BJlCts4tzx

Markdown

<font color=limblue>Oct 21 Wed - Exam review</font>

1. According to Danah Boyd, agnotology is: a) false information, but the sender doesn’t know it’s false b) the strategic and purposeful production of ignorance c) teaching people to “question everything” d) misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual
2. In the discussion of Chayko, the “irrationality of rationality” refers to: a) people making illogical choices because of constant notifications b) the convenience of tools becoming inconvenient c) organizations calculating profit while ignoring worker morale d) microcoordination making lateness socially acceptable
3. Wardle identifies seven types of mis and disinformation: satire or parody, false connection, misleading content, false context, imposter content, manipulated content, and fabricated content. Choose three types and, for each, define it, give an example, and classify it as dis, mis, or mal-information.
4. In the video study, Sarah kept talking to “John” even after she suspected something was wrong. Why might a victim do this? Describe two ways Sarah ended up helping the scam (for example, what she did with money or her personal information).

Answers:

1. B. Agnotology is the strategic, purposeful production of ignorance A is the handout’s definition of misinformation: false but not known to be so C draws on boyd’s separate argument about media literacy. She argued that a “culture of doubt and critique” can backfire by furthering tribalism. (is there as a distractor because it’s also from boyd) D is Wardle’s definition of misleading content, one of the seven types of mis- and dis-information Mnemonic: A-gnostic = “not knowing”, and agnotology is manufacturing not-knowing.
2. B. The “irrationality of rationality” is the idea that tools built for efficiency and convenience end up being inconvenient. It connects to the McDonaldization discussion. D is from the same reading, but is there as a distractor. Mnemonic: “Efficiency eats itself.”
3. Satire or parody: no intent to harm, but it can fool. False connection: clickbait, where headlines or captions don’t support the content. Misleading content: the NYT chart on judicial appointments (15 vs. 24). False context: genuine content with false contextual information (the child in a cage). Imposter content: impersonating BBC or Le Soir. Manipulated content: altered video or images (the slowed-down Pelosi clip). Fabricated content: “Pope Francis endorses Trump” (100% false). Mnemonic: “Sly Foxes Mislead Farmers, Impersonating, Manipulating, and Fabricating” (S-F-M-F-I-M-F).

1. Why she continued: She appreciated the attention and was “kind of addicted.” She still had “a little hope.” She wanted closure. It was hard to admit being played by “somebody that is that cruel.” She was embarrassed but felt she had nothing to hide. How she helped the scam: She doxed herself (sharing emails, accounts, and PINs). She sent gift card numbers and shared credit cards. She converted the money into bitcoin and sent it to “John’s” crypto wallets via Cash App.

Sophie Kabeli she/her

B.A in Public Relations

Northeastern University, Class of 2029

kabeli.s@northeastern.edu

www.linkedin.com/in/sophiekabeli

Link to QIC: <https://hackmd.io/Q9T9xi-iQ220vgKAwPS00g?view#Oct-21-Wed---Midterm-Review>

Markdown: 

**MCQ:**

1. Which term describes “*false information **without** the intent to harm*”?

**a. Misinformation**

b. Malinformation

c. Disinformation

d. Agnotology

2. In the 4 protocols for the web, which layer is responsible for *“reliably transporting data”*?

a. DNS

b. IP

**c.TCP**: handles reliable delivery of all data

d. HTTP

**Short Answer**

1. Explain Mark Granovetter’s “strength of weak ties” theory and why it matters for finding new information.

- Close friends know the same stuff, aquantencies bring new information

- A **bridge** between networks

2. Describe how “onion routing” works and why it protects peoples identities.

- **Peel:** each router peels off a layer of encryption

- **Pass:** router only knows previous and next stop to pass along

- **Protect:** last router sees message but not sender

• Hope  Levy

Oct 19 Mon - darknet

Q: In the future, will Bitcoin be normalized and used as a currency just like all others?

I: Custodio explains that Bitcoin lets people exchange money without relying on a bank or other third party.

C: This connects to Silk Road, where Bitcoin was actually used as a currency, even though that also contributed to its association with the darknet.

*I included the QIC from last class since I forgot to send it last time 

Oct 21 Wed - Exam review

Multiple choice

1. What does DNS do?

A. Stores websites

B. Turns a domain name into an IP address

C. Protects you from viruses

D. Controls what websites you can access

1. Which of these did Whitty find was more common in people who fell for romance scams?

Being less educated

B. Knowing less about cybersecurity

C. Higher urgency and sensation seeking

D. Being elderly

Short answer

1. Why can social media algorithms make misinformation spread more easily?
2. How did Silk Road help Bitcoin become more widely used?

Answers

1. B — DNS takes the domain name and connects it to the website’s actual IP address.

2. C — Whitty found that people who fell for romance scams were more likely to score higher in urgency and sensation seeking.

3. Social media algorithms usually push posts that get more engagement, so extreme content can spread more because people react to it more.

4. Silk Road helped Bitcoin become more used because it was one of the first places where people were actually using it to buy things online.

QIC Log: < https://hackmd.io/dffG4aImT2-eqGGkKgFpCw#Exam-Review-Questions >

## Exam Review Questions

#### 1) Which law emphasizes the value of potential groups in networks?

A. Sarnoff’s Law

B. Metcalfe’s Law

C. Reed’s Law

D. Godwin’s Law

#### Answer: C. Reed’s Law

Reed’s Law demonstrates that a network becomes more valuable as people can form different groups within it.

#### 2) A user acts aggressively because their online group’s norms encourage hostility. This best fits:

A. Depersonalization

B. DNS

C. Spaced practice

D. Symmetric encryption

#### Answer: A. Depersonalization

Depersonalization happens when someone identifies with a group’s norms and acts according to those expectations rather than their usual individual behavior.

#### 1) Explain the difference between misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation. Give one example of each.

• Misinformation is content spread around that isn’t true but you don’t know it was false.
• Disinformation is content spread around that you know is false with the intent to decieve.
• Malinformation weaponizes information to cuase harm.

#### 4) Explain how networks create value and why weak ties matter.

• Weak ties connect people to different groups and new information
• Bridges can connect separate people
• Networks provide social capital, such as trust and opportunities.

QIC Log Link: <https://hackmd.io/@jiamittal/SJ7buT4Yfe>

Markdown:

### Oct 21 Wed - Exam Review

**Multiple Choice Questions**

1. What are the six levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy (in order)?

a. Understand, Remember, Create, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate

b. Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create

c. Understand, Evaluate, Analyze, Remember, Apply, Create

d. Remember, Analyze, Understand, Create, Evaluate, Apply

2.  Shark attacks vs ice cream consumption is an example of:

a. Confirmation bias

b. Causation

c. Spurious correlation

d. Critical thinking

**Short Questions**

3. Define attention, multitasking, and continuous partial attention, and explain which one affects you the most in your day-to-day life.

4. What is the difference between homophily and heterophily, and how is that observed in networks built through Northeastern University’s student body? 

**Answers**

1. b. Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create

2. c. Spurious correlation (no direct casual connection and it doesn’t cause each other)

3. Attention is the concentration of mental focus (limited); multitasking is performing two or more tasks that require attention at the same time; and continuous partial attention is moving attention between two tasks, but not giving either your complete, devoted attention. For me, continuous partial attention affects me most — I often hop from task to task because I get bored easily, and no task gets my full focus because my mind is still thinking about completing both. 

4. Homophily is the tendency to form connections with people similar to you, while heterophily is the opposite: forming relationships with people who are different from you. As a student at Northeastern University, which has a diverse student body, I see more heterophily: people “networking” with those who are different because they can connect them to different networks and opportunities.

https://hackmd.io/@oliver-mak/rkx2c1Btzg

### Oct 21 Wed

****QIC****: According to your book in chapter 6, the paradox of AI advice is when:

a) a rare failure of AI advice can be catastrophic even though most of it is good

b) even good advice from AI can leave us more confused

c) AI advice popularizes, but undermines any sources it learned the advice from

d) people favor AI advice over professional help and professionals dislike and distrust AI

Mnemonic= APT, apartment. (Asymmetry, Paradox, Tragedy)

****QIC****: In the Brown article, students are mentioned that reread their highlighted notes until they feel confident and familiar, but then score poorly, mostly likely did what:

a) studied in a way that does not match their learning style

b) spent little time learning the material

c) misunderstood fluency of the material for mastery of the ideas

d) relied too much on retrieval practice

****QIC****: You mention distinguishing using AI as a “brainstorming partner” instead of a “crutch.” Define each of these terms, and give one example of how a student can use AI these ways.

****QIC****: You argues that “the existential threat isn’t that AI will give us bad advice” and it will actually “give us good advice.” Using Brown’s claims about effortful learning and memorization, explain why some AI advice that is inherently good could still harm and affect learning. Also, how could this be avioded/lessened for the future? 

Dear Professor Reagle,

Here is today’s QIC:

### Oct 21 Wed

What are 3 psychological features of victims

A. Trusting, lonely, self-absorbed

**B**. Lonely, college graduate, self-absorbed

C. Trusting, impulsive, self-absorbed

How can Tor protect a user’s anonymity?

A. By deleting all of the user’s internet activity

B. Prevents websites from collecting any information about its visitors

**C**. By encrypting traffic in layers like an onion and routing it through multiple relays

How can media literacy unintentionally reinforce misinformation rather than stopping it?

Although media literacy might encourage people to do their own research, Boyd argues that because of confirmation bias and bubbles, people are more likely to trust information that reinforces their own beliefs.

How do weak social ties contribute to social capital, and how might social media change those connections?

Weak ties are valuable because they give one access to other social groups and networks, but an algorithm can limit their value by reinforcing existing beliefs and social circuits.

Homepage<https://hackmd.io/@d2dannee/HyJkQjHKGe>

QIC log <https://hackmd.io/@d2dannee/HkQ1ioSYzx>

Markdown: 

Oct 21 Wednesday - Exam review

1. According to Danah Boyd, what is a risk of media literacy education that teaches people to question sources and do their own research?

A. People lack access to enough information to evaluate claims

B. People use critical-thinking skills to reinforce beliefs they already did

C. People become unable to tell reliable sources from unreliable ones

D. People rely too heavily on algorithms to verify what is true

2. According to Brody, HTTPS lets two parties create a shared secret. Why are Certificate Authorities (CAs) still necessary?

A. Encryption alone cannot prove who is on the other end of the connection

B. A shared secret is too weak to protect data traveling across the web

C. Browsers cannot begin an encrypted session without a CA’s involvement

D. CAs encrypt the traffic that the shared secret would otherwise leave exposed

Short/Essay Questions

3. Tor lets people hide their identity, and Bitcoin lets them move money without a bank. Silk Road used both to run an illegal marketplace. Should these technologies be held responsible for the illegal activity on the darknet?

4. Reagle argues that deindividuation and weakened accountability help explain hateful online comments. Using this idea and the role of engagement-based incentives on platforms like X, explain why online hate should be seen as more than individual bad behavior. Then give one counterargument and respond to it.

Answers

1. B, More info ≠ more informed

1. A, Lock vs. ID: Encryption is the lock on the envelope, and the CA is the ID check on the person you handed it to.

1. Tor and Bitcoin enable privacy and independence; the same privacy and decentralization support both freedom and criminal activity.

Same tool, two doors.

1. In Reading the Comments, anonymity and deindividuation weaken the sense that your actions are yours, so accountability drops. Guilt and self-regulation can depend on feeling identifiable.

Person + platform.

Home: https://hackmd.io/@Rileyweinberger/H1J0X3SYfl

QIC Page: https://hackmd.io/@Rileyweinberger/H1rH_nrYGg

Oct 21 Wed - Exam review

MCQs:

1) A chatbot reading “bank” differently in “river bank” vs. “bank loan” is due to which transformer step?

a) attention

b) tokenization

c) positional encoding

d) embedding

2) According to Wardle, sharing a real 2015 protest photo as if it happened last year is:

a) false context

b) manipulated context

c) fabricated context

d) imposter context

#### Short/Essay Questions:

3) Lauder & March (2023) found that psychopathy, sadism, and narcissism predicted catfishing, but Machiavellianism did not. Give two reasons the authors suggest that.

4) According to knowledge you have from the darknet lecture and readings, why is using bitcoin not necessarily anonymous?

MCQ Answers:

1) a): Attention adjusts a word’s meaning based on the words around it, which is context.

• Mnemonic: Attention = Around (looks at the words/phrases AROUND it) 2) a): The content is genuine but the context is false. It is not manipulated or altered, and nothing was made up.
• Mnemonic: Real pic, wrong caption = false context!

Short/Essay Question Answers:

3) Any of these:

• The questionnaire did not frame catfishing as being for personal gain, which is what drives Machiavellianism.
• The Machiavellianism measure (TDMS) has low reliability (a=.68)
  • Mnemonic: M&M = no Money, bad Measure.

4) The blockchain is a public distributed ledger of every transaction. Wallers are pseudonymous, not anonymous. Once a wallet gets linked to a real person, through exchange or bad security, every transaction can that be traced.

• Mnemonic: The ledger never forgets.

QIC Log: <https://hackmd.io/Um8I_FzzS9WDF0UHbdTUbg?both#Oct-21-Wed---Exam-Review>

Markdown:

**MCQ 1**: Which of the following terms corresponds to true information specifically shared with the intention of causing harm?

a) Misinformation

b) Disinformation

c) Malinformation

d) Fake News

**MCQ 2**: Which of the following rules corresponds to the mathematical equation 2N and relates to communication between groups like in Social Media?

a) Metcalfe’s Law

b) Reed’s Law

c) Sarnoff’s Law

**SAQ 1**: Explain the phenomenon of Small-world Networks and identify some instances in which it occurs in real life.

**SAQ 2**: How can companies use Blitzscaling to their advantage in emerging markets for new products like AI?

Exam review: <https://hackmd.io/WDJCaHycSkifKRVBIzs3rg#Oct-21---Exam-review>

### Oct 21 - Exam review

**Multiple Choice:**

#### **Q1**: Which of the aspects of the dark tetrad features strategic and calculating personality likely involved with scheming?

A) sadism

B) manipulation

C) psychopathy

D) Machiavellianism 

E) narcism 

**Answer**: B) Machiavellanism – this trait involves people planning next moves (scheming) for personal gain. A good mnemonic would be that vellan sounds like villain –> not a good trait/someone who schemes against others.

#### **Q2**: Which statement is true regarding the marshmallow test?

A) When trust was maintained in the first round, kids were more likely to wait in the second round. 

B) When trust was not maintained in the first round, kids were more likely to wait in the second round.

C) The kids were willing to wait regardless.

D) The kids were not willing to wait in both scenarios.

**Answer:** A) When trust was maintained in the first round, kids were more likely to wait in the second round. This is because they trust that the teacher will stay true to her word because she is now deemed credible.

#### **Q3**: How does multi-tasking differ from continuous partial attention?

**Answer:** Multi-tasking is often the term people use when they are doing two tasks at once, however it is known that we are never paying 100% attention to two tasks, rather we are giving partial attention to each task. Therefore, continuous partial attention is what is really meant by multi-tasking.

#### **Q4**: Describe the strength of weak ties concept by Mark Granovetter.

**Answer:** Granovetter noted that our strong ties are our close friends, family, coworkers, etc. And our weak ties are the acquaintances, friends of a friend, people we might just know of and ones we don’t frequently communicate with. He says that your strong ties are all in the same social circle, and you likely all know the same people. They won’t be able to provide you with job opportunities and other new information in the way your weak ties can. Fostering relationships with weak ties will expose you to new social circles and a greater possibility for success.

Karena Yau

Candidate for B.S. of Business Administration and Communication Studies at Northeastern University 

Concentration: Marketing | Minor: Architectural Design | Class of 2029