Haters, trolls and the online disinhibition effect

Joseph Reagle

Disinhibition

Types of disinhibition

benign disinhibition
revelations and acts of kindness
toxic disinhibition
“rude language and harsh criticisms, anger, hatred, even threats. Or people explore the dark underworld of the internet, places of pornography and violence, places they would never visit in the real world” (Suler 2004)

Flight or invisibility?

Disinhibition factors

Dissociative anonymity

You Don’t Know Me

When people have the opportunity to separate their actions from their real world and identity, they feel less vulnerable about opening up. Whatever they say or do can’t be directly linked to the rest of their lives. They don’t have to own their behavior by acknowledging it within the full context of who they “really” are. (Suler 2004)

Invisibility

You can’t see me [physically]

… the courage to go places and do things that they otherwise wouldn’t.

Even with everyone’s identity visible, the opportunity to be physically invisible amplifies the disinhibition effect. (Suler 2004)

Asynchronicity

See You Later

where there are delays in that feedback, people’s train of thought may progress more steadily and quickly towards deeper expressions of what they are thinking and feeling. Some people may even experience asynchronous communication as “running away” after posting a message that is personal, emotional, or hostile [akin to] an “emotional hit and run.” (Suler 2004)

Dissociative imagination

It’s just a game

some people see their online life as a kind of game with rules and norms that don’t apply to everyday living (Suler 2004)

Solipsistic introjection

It’s all in my head

Online text communication can become the psychological tapestry in which a person’s mind weaves these fantasy role plays, usually unconsciously and with considerable disinhibition. (Suler 2004)

Minimizing authority

We’re Equals

with a seemingly endless potential for creating new environments, many people see themselves as independent-minded explorers. This atmosphere and philosophy contribute to the minimizing of authority. (Suler 2004)

Summary

Mnemonic: ANONYMOUS person feels INVISIBLE, commits A-SYN in their IMAGINATION of INjecting a needle into an AUTHOR.

Questions

Good people behaving badly or bad people running amok?

Reflection of society?

True self?

Does the disinhibition effect release inner needs, emotions, and attributes that dwell beneath surface personality presentations? Does it reveal your “true self.” For example, a woman with repressed anger unleashes her hostility online, thereby showing others how she really feels. Or a shy man openly expresses his hidden affection for his cyberspace companion. (Suler 2004)

Individual psychology vs group culture?

Cases

Sierra

Weev

Caroline Criado-Perez

Anita Sarkeesian

How to balance freedom and safety?

Concluding questions?