Approaches

Data

fact, signal, symbol Information

functional, subjective Knowledge:

processed, procedural, propositional Wisdom

know-why, effectiveness

DIKW Pyramid

Data

bits; facts Information

Data + (description/context e.g., who, what, when) Knowledge:

Information + (organization and synthesis) Wisdom

Knowledge + (appliable understanding and insight)

eg DIKW?

Data

bits; facts

eg: bits on a harddrive Information

Data + (description/context answering “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, etc.)

eg: ad campaign figures show women voted Democrat Knowledge:

Information + (organization and synthesis)

eg: younger women had the biggest swing Wisdom

Knowledge + (understanding and insight that is applied)

eg: target younger women in next campaign

Knowledge creation

the knowledge creating company is as much about ideals as it is about ideas… The essence of innovation is to re-create the world according to a particular vision or ideal.

To create new knowledge means quite literally to re-create the company and everyone in it in a nonstop process of personal and organizational self-renewal.

Explicit

• Easily expressed and transmitted

Tacit (or implicit)

• Highly personal and hard to formalize
• “We can know more than we can tell.” – Polanyi
• Know-how
• Ingrained beliefs and assumptions

eg: of spiral??

tacit to tacit

enculturation (Nonaka:socialization) explicit to explicit

combination (discrete pieces) tacit to explicit

articulation/externalization (of insight) explicit to tacit

internalization (of procedure)(Schein:socialization)

Do people want to share their knowledge??

slogans (and umbrella concepts)

evocative and directing

e.g., Honda (1978) lets gamble metaphors

merges two areas of experience into one and begin to express

e.g., “Theory Of Automobile Evolution” analogy

comparison; reconciles contradictions and making distinctions

e.g., Canon disposable drum and disposable beer can model

reduces to practice (resolves contradictions)

e.g., embodying Osaka Int Hotel’s bread making to a machine

Redundancy

Purposeful overlapping in organizational design which encourages discussion and sharing.

Dimensions of tacit

1. technical dimension: informal personal skills or crafts often referred to as "know-how.’
2. cognitive dimension: beliefs, ideals, values, schemata, and mental models which are deeply ingrained in us and which we often take for granted and shapes the way we perceive the world. (NonakaKonno 1998, p. 42)

eg of technical vs cognitive?

Ultimate Frisbee: how to throw vs self-refereeing

Connections??

• cog vs biology

• enculturation vs socialization
• tacit vs beliefs
• “redundancy” vs architectural design