When drafting Reading the Comments (Reagle, 2015) chapter about anonymity and alienation, I started a time-line of anonymous commenting services, often bound to a specific region such as a school. These drama genre services can be used for hateful speech (e.g., bullying and racism), and documenting escapades (e.g., intoxication) and illegal activities (e.g, sexual assault). What used to exist as graffiti in the restroom (Dundes, 1966; Trahan, 2011) has gone online, first in online forums and confession pages and now as apps (Roose, 2014). This list is by no means exhaustive and may not be up to date.
As I discuss in the book, as problems arise on one particular service, it is typically shutdown or “reformed” and one or more competitors emerge to fill the vacuum, as happened with Formspring:
The feature [of anonymity] was so dearly held because they knew it was a source of their popularity; as they attempted to reform it and curb abuse, teens moved to its Latvian based competitor Ask.fm. As a former Formspring executive concluded in the “Killer App” article, “When you took out the nasty, salacious, anonymous part of Formspring, it became a lot less interesting to people” (Formspring executive quoted in Newton, 2013). (Reagle, 2015)
| Date | Name | Type | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Facebook Honesty Box | Feedback | |
| 2007 | JuicyCampus | College | Shut down amid cyberbullying lawsuits |
| 2009 | Formspring | Q&A | Pivoted from anonymity after bullying concerns |
| 2010 | Ask.fm | Q&A | Linked to multiple teen suicides internationally |
| 2010 | Nearby | Location-based chat | |
| 2012 | Erodr | College confession | |
| 2012 | Whisper | Messaging | |
| 2013 | Facebook Confessions | FB page posts | |
| 2013 | Gossup | College | |
| 2013 | Yik Yak | Location-based | Collapsed in 2017 after removing anonymity |
| 2013 | Lulu | Women rate men | Controversial gender-specific ratings |
| 2013 | Blind | Workplace chat | |
| 2014 | Secret | Friend network | |
| 2014 | Cloaq | No signup required | |
| 2014 | Jodel | European colleges | |
| 2014 | After School | High school | |
| 2014 | Burnbook | High School | Named after Mean Girls reference |
| 2015 | Yeti Campus | College | |
| 2016 | Sarahah | Feedback | Removed from stores because of bullying |
| 2016 | Candid | AI-moderated | |
| 2016 | Tellonym | European Q&A | |
| 2017 | tbh | Positive polls | |
| 2017 | Curious Cat | Q&A | |
| 2017 | Lipsi | Messaging | |
| 2019 | Yolo | Snapchat Q&A | Suspended after lawsuit over teen death |
| 2020 | Sendit | Snapchat games | |
| 2021 | LMK | Snapchat polls | |
| 2021 | Yik Yak 2 | Relaunched with handles | Revival failed, shut down 2023 |
| 2021 | NGL | ‘AI moderated’ Instagram Q&A | FTC banned from children |
| 2021 | Fizz | College | |
| 2022 | Sidechat | College | Requires .edu email for access |
| 2022 | Gas (tbh 2) | Positive polls | |
| 2023 | Tea | Women rate men | Hacked and breached |