In Reading and Revolution in Media Sniping, I consider whether media sniping (jamming) can be subversively read:

. . . Graffiti, sniping, and guerrilla marketing are now all tactics of communication cut of the same cloth: none of which is intrinsically subversive. Some use graffiti for advertising, others for independent expression, and others for subversion. The relevance and effect of their content is dependent on how it is decoded, which is dependent on their discursive context and novelty. As Hall states " Yesterday's rebellious subculture is today's commercial pap and today's pap can become the basis for tomorrow's culture of resistance." (Hall 2002:185)