Concepts

Concepts
- network economics
  - Wikipedia
    - Network effect
      - d=20110923 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111003 19:19 UTC
      - In economics and business, a network effect ... is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. When network effect is present, the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it.
    - Preferential attachment
      - d=20110902 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111003 19:18 UTC
      - A preferential attachment process is [when] some quantity, typically some form of wealth or credit, is distributed among a number of individuals or objects according to how much they already have, so that those who are already wealthy receive more than those who are not.
    - First-mover advantage
      - d=20110822 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111003 19:19 UTC
      - In marketing, first-mover advantage or FMA is the advantage gained by the initial ("first-moving") significant occupant of a market segment. ... This advantage may stem from the fact that the first entrant can gain control of resources that followers may not be able to match. Sometimes the first mover is not able to capitalize on its advantage, leaving the opportunity for another firm to gain second-mover advantage.
    - Bandwagon effect
      - d=20110923 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111003 19:19 UTC
      - The bandwagon effect ... is a phenomenon—observed primarily within the fields of microeconomics, political science, and behaviorism—that people often do and believe things merely because many other people do and believe the same things. The effect is often called herd instinct, though strictly speaking, this effect is not a result of herd instinct.
    - Switching costs
      - d=20110404 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111004 16:12 UTC
      - Switching barriers or switching costs are terms used in microeconomics, strategic management, and marketing to describe any impediment to a customer's changing of suppliers.
      - In many markets, consumers are forced to incur costs when switching from one supplier to another. These costs are called switching costs and can come in many different shapes.
      - Examples of switching costs include the effort needed to inform friends and relatives about a new telephone number after an operator switch, costs related to learning how to use the interface of a new mobile phone from a different brand and costs in terms of time lost due to the paperwork necessary when switching to a new electricity provider.
    - Long Tail
      - d=20111017 or=Wikipedia r=20111115 14:15 UTC kw=ref
      - The Long Tail or long tail refers to the statistical property that a larger share of population rests within the tail of a probability distribution than observed under a 'normal' or Gaussian distribution. A long tail distortion will arise with the inclusion of some unusually high (or low) values which increase (decrease) the mean, skewing the distribution to the right (or left).^[1]
- prosociality
  - Wikipedia
    - Public good
      - d=20111030 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111031 18:09 UTC
      - In economics, a public good is a good that is nonrival and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability means that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good.
    - Collective action
      - d=20111020 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111031 18:09 UTC
      - The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior. It is more commonly referred to as Public Choice.
    - Externality
      - d=20111029 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111031 18:14 UTC
      - In economics, an externality (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices,^[1] incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit. The benefits of externalities, in this case, is called a positive externality or external benefit, while its cost is called a negative externality or external costs.
    - Free rider problem
      - d=20110927 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111031 18:11 UTC
      - In economics, collective bargaining, psychology, and political science, a free rider (or freeloader) is someone who consumes a resource without paying for it, or pays less than the full cost. The free rider problem is the question of how to limit free riding (or its negative effects). Free riding is usually considered to be an economic problem only when it leads to the non-production or under-production of a public good..., or when it leads to the excessive use of a common property resource. The term free rider comes from the example of someone using public transportation without paying the fare. If too many people do this, the system will not have enough money to operate.
- Internet
  - Wikipedia
    - Flaming (Internet)
      - d=20111031 or=Wikipedia kw=ref r=20111104 17:06 UTC
      - Flaming, also known as bashing, is hostile and insulting interaction between Internet users.
      - Deliberate flaming, as opposed to flaming as a result of emotional discussions, is carried out by individuals known as flamers, who are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation, and are usually more subtle than their counterparts. Their counterparts are known as trolls who are less "professional" and write obvious and blunt remarks to incite a flame war, as opposed to the more subtle, yet precise flamers.
- memetics
  - Wikipedia
    - Meme
      - d=20111111 or=Wikipedia r=20111114 18:48 UTC kw=ref
      - A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols or practices, which can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals or other imitable phenomena. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate and respond to selective pressures.
- sociology
  - Wikipedia
    - Symbolic interactionism
      - d=20111115 or=Wikipedia r=20111117 16:23 UTC kw=ref
      - Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that places emphasis on micro-scale social interaction.... people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.
      - Herbert Blumer (1969), who coined the term "symbolic interactionism," set out three basic premises of the perspective:
        
        "Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things."
        
        "The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society."
        
        "These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters."
    - Dramaturgy (sociology)
      - d=20110922 or=Wikipedia r=20111117 16:23 UTC kw=ref
      - Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective stemming from symbolic interactionism, and commonly used in microsociological accounts of social interaction in everyday life. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
      - In dramaturgical sociology it is argued that human actions are dependent upon time, place, and audience. In other words, to Goffman, the self is a sense of who one is, a dramatic effect emerging from the immediate scene being presented. Goffman forms a theatrical metaphor in defining the method in which one human being presents itself to another based on cultural values, norms, and expectations. Performances can have disruptions (actors are aware of such) but most are successful. The goal of this presentation of self is acceptance from the audience through carefully conducted performance. If the actor succeeds, the audience will view the actor as he or she wants to be viewed.
    - Parasocial interaction
      - d=20110913 or=Wikipedia r=20111117 19:01 UTC kw=ref
      - Parasocial interaction (or para-social relationship) is a term used by a social scientist to describe one-sided, "parasocial" interpersonal relationships in which one party knows a great deal about the other, but the other does not. The most common form of such relationships are one-sided relations between celebrities and audience or fans.^[1]
    - Subculture
      - d=20111117 or=Wikipedia r=20111121 21:52 UTC kw=ref
      - In 1995, Sarah Thornton, drawing on Pierre Bourdieu, described "subcultural capital" as the cultural knowledge and commodities acquired by members of a subculture, raising their status and helping differentiate themselves from members of other groups. In 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society.