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Marx
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Economic base, superstructure
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A modern historical materialist
Social order proceeds without exhaustion
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Grund 265 “Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand.”
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Sartre
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Xxiii language steals our thoughts
113 man is inside language
A man is the product of his product
45 mediation as synthesis
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89 make and grip history
154 progressive/regressive
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Xxxiv,102,103 a combination of dialectic and praxis
A whole with limits and futures possible
45 "If one totalize is too quickly ... then the real is lost"
82 horizontal synthesis and totalization in debth
90 plurality of means
173 synthetic totality
48/49 great bit on Marxist failing and particulars and universals
126 existentialism confirms the specificity of the historical event
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Merleau-Ponty
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10 the opposing ways knowledge and practice confront the past: “knowledge by multiplying views, confronts [the past] through conclusions that are provisional, open, and justifiable (that is, conditional), while the practice confronts it through decisions which are absolute, partial, and not subject to justification ”
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xvii History is to be seen not as a mere plurality of subjects, but rather as an intersubjectivity wherein men have common situations, and the meaning we give it
One could bridge the subject/object through empiricism, rationalism, or 'embodied consciousness
16 to M-P Weber showed how a dialectical philosophy of history can be applied: “ History had meaning ,” “ meaning arises in contingency ,” “ the historical understanding which reveals an interior to history still leaves us in the presence of empirical history ” That is a philosophy of history “ without dogmatism ”
24 Weber, according to M-P, does great in showing that history’s aim “ is to recover the fundamental choices of the past ” (p.24), but at the same time “ never sees the fundamental choice of the proletariat appear ” (p. 25). Weber does not apply his historical understanding to the benefit of political action.
17-18 history doesn't work according to a model, but the advent of meaning
57 “a [ Lukacs’] philosophy of history [that] does not so much give us the keys of history as it restores to us a permanent interrogation.”
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31 Relativize relativity to gain totality
31 “recover an absolute in the relative ”
31 Lukács' “the totality of observed facts”
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Mauss
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13 reciprocation includes the duty to give, but also to receive
14 exchange happens in the presence of the gods and nature
16 it is the spirits that truly owners of the possessions and with whom the contract is made
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vi/46 total services (gifts) and total counter-services (reciprocations) that include the economic, juridical, religious, and social spheres of life
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Piaget
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A wholeness of self-regulating transformations
A spiral half open at the top and bottom
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See below
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137 “The most important conclusion to be distilled from our series of investigations is that the study of structure cannot be exclusive and that it does not to suppress, especially in the human sciences and in biology, other dimensions of investigation. Quite the contrary, it tends to integrate them, and does so in the way in which all of integration in scientific thought comes about, by making for reciprocity and interaction”
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Bemjamin
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210 loss of authenticity which is replaced by 'Information'
de-fetishization via mediation
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The history of development is one of domination, only rupture can provide liberation
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Frankfurt
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198 mediation = de-fetishization
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movement from community (Gemeinschaft) to society (Gesellschaft) as backbone of modern history
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Marcuse
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445 All facts are stages of one process – a subject/object totality
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Adorno
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461 Confusion between causation and levels of abstraction – only particulars are caused
461 No the event is caused by general forces, much less by laws; causality is not the 'cause' of the the events but rather the highest conceptual generality under which concrete causal factors can be subsumed.
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Castoriadis
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Offers a bridge to post structuralism, in Marxists considered structure a technocracy
117 a second ordered symbolism
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132 The institution is a socially sanctioned, symbolic network in which a functional component and an imaginary component are combined in variable proportions and relations.
146 The social world is, in every instance, constituted and articulated as a function of such a system of significations, and these significations exist, once they have been constituted, in the mode of what we called the actual imaginary (or the imagined).
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Imaginary time
13 There is no method in history unaffected by historical development
29 historical materialism is untenable
34 Paradox of History: any stage has its bias with which it views the past
45 history is the domain of creation
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The collection of all the views of the world is reality
75 To demand that the revolutionary project be founded on a complete theory is therefore to assimilate politics to a technique, and to posit its sphere of action -- history -- as the possible object of a finished and exhaustive knowledge.
39 the dialectical unity of history is a myth
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44 Determinism in history is impossible because while some elements are causal, others not not!
45 Autonomous agents yield the coherence of capitalism (emergence), it's not an ideal type
53 The enigma of the Marxist project to grasp causality and meaning
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Foucault
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“In short, the history of thought, of knowledge, of philosophy, of literature seems to be seeking, and discovering, more and more discontinuities, whereas history itself appears to be abandoning the irruption of events in favour of stable structures.”
“My aim is not to transfer to the field of history, and more particularly to the history of knowledge (connaissances), a structuralist method that has proved valuable in other fields of analysis.”
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He asserts that ruptures, breaks, thresholds, limits, discontinuity are more important than continuity or stable structures. Foucault questions teleologies and totalizations. The mode of doing philosophy and history that seeks grand explanatory systems is suspect. Emphasis should be placed on historicity, specificity, locality, multiplicities
“My aim is most decidedly not to use the categories of cultural totalities (whether world-views, ideal types, the particular spirit of an age) in order to impose on history, despite itself, the forms of structural analysis. “ genealogy is a new history of the present
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Deleuze
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70 “What is Power? Foucault's definition seems a very simple one: Power is a relation between forces, or rather every relation between forces is a 'power relation.'”
71 What is Power? Foucault's definition seems a very simple one: Power is a relation between forces, or rather every relation between forces is a 'power relation.'
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Anderson
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88 Once, in jubilation or alarm, modernism was seized by images of machinery; now, postmodernism was swayed to a machinery of images.
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55 Where modernism drew its purpose and energies from the persistence of what was not yet modern, the legacy of a still pre-industrial past, postmodernism signifies the closure of that distance, the saturation of every pore of the world in the serum of capital.
62 what postmodernity seemed to spell was this something the great theorists of modernization had ruled out: an unthinkable de-differentiation of cultural spheres.
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Jameson
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20 Transformations of reality into images; perpetual present
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43 When everything is systematic, we lose the notion of a system
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Postmodernism is the third/late stage of capitalism
62 Postmodern time is spatial
25 Adorno and Habermas want to rescue the negative/critical power of high modern, but Habermas also wants to associate this with the Enlightenment
46 This identification of the class content of postmodern culture does not at all imply that 'yuppies' have become something like a new ruling class or 'a subject of history' -- merely that their cultural practices and values, their local ideologies, have articulated a useful dominant ideological and cultural pradigm for this stage of capital. It is often the case that cultural forms prevalent in a particular period are not furnished by the principal agents of the social formation in question . . .
22-28 for combinations of anti/pro post/modern classifications
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40 As for 'totalizing' processes, that often means little more than the making of connections between various phenomena...
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Flusser
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power shift from ownership to programmers/operators; from material to symbolic
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Kittler
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Discourse network: maps the systems of rules and codes of a given epoch, to show what was said and done, and what could not be said and done, in that epoch.
History is a situation to situation
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